Monday, September 30, 2019

Patient and Hybrid Record Essay

1. What is the potential impact of the copy/paste functionality on the integrity of the data and information contained in an EHR? The copy/paste function opens the possibility for fraud, medical error and risk for malpractice claims. Fraud could occur when a copy/paste function is used and than an insurance company is billed for the procedure/services 2 or 3 times. When in reality the procedure/service was only completed once. Medical error can occur with the copy/paste function, when a nurse reads a chart made by a doctor who copy/pasted instructions or initiates a procedure that was already completed but the doctor didn’t realize that they copy/pasted it again. Than the nurse completes the procedure again, which can have fatal results. Thus opening the door for malpractice and even criminal suits. Thus the integrity of the whole file would have been compromised by on click of a button. 2. How does copy/paste functionality affect reimbursement? The copy/paste function can affect reimbursement because your insurance could get billed several times for the same procedure that was only completed once. Than your insurance could potentially deny the whole procedure leaving you with the bill and the headache of getting it sorted out. The other side of the coin is that with copy/paste function being used could make it to where someone else’s insurance gets billed if the last copied document is from another’s file than they clicked onto your file and though they highlighted something new but didn’t causing a whole new set of problems. 3. What measures can a hospital take to improve data integrity in their EHR while still achieving their goal of streamlining the documentation process? There needs to be educational training on the functionality of the copy/paste function and when and where it should and should not be used. EHR professionals need to come up with some new software applications that would cut down on the amount of functions that can be implemented into one document without a review by a trained professional. New better software and proper training is the way to go in my opinion. Don’t let staff get lazy and complacent with using the copy/paste function. 1. What impact can a hybrid record have on patient care? The hybrid record could have negative and positive effects on patient care. One negative effect would be that it would take longer to access and put together if a whole file is requested. Another negative would be just where exactly is all of these paper records being kept. A positive effect of the hybrid record is that if the computer system is compromised in some way there would be a paper record. 2. How might the hybrid record change health information management? The hybrid record would change health information management because you would have to have employees to care for all these records, as well as employees for the computer files thus creating more staff and costing more. There would of course have to be training on how to properly handle the hybrid record having thus an effect on the health information management team. Who would have to implement training, schedule personnel off to take the training find yet others to cover for that training. Again costing more money and time. 3. How might a hospital overcome some of the issues created by the hybrid record? To overcome some issues created by the hybrid record you would have to have good education/training in implementation of new data, new software and soft- ware development. Different sections of the hospital should help in the development of software that would be beneficial to the entire hospital or clinic, so that no one section is left out of the decision process, so all need are attempted to be met. Educate not only the HIM staff but the hospital or clinic as a whole so that everyone knows where things are kept and how they are stored.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Hamlet Nunnery Scene Analysis

In this essay, I am going to write about the themes and techniques in the â€Å"Nunnery† scene in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet. All of the points I am going to cover have been expressed through different mediums for example in film and televised dramatic plays where the concept of Hamlet’s anger or use of nunnery is perceived to be different through artistic licence and also I will talk about the themes raised during the scene like corruption, deception, passion and betrayalThroughout all the adaptations of the â€Å"Nunnery† scene, deception is a pivotal theme carried and sustained. The universal concept of deception in the scene is presented by three points. Hamlet is being spied on, by Claudius and Polonius. The reason for this is that they both become extremely suspicious of Hamlets current behaviour. They are convinced his new â€Å"madness† is not genuine. The way they go about spying by using Ophelia as a device to retract information for their own personal benefit is a way deception is conveyed.Ophelia is lying to him; this is also a way the theme of deception is successfully carried through the scene, the fact that Hamlet himself lied to Ophelia as defence mechanism to catch out Ophelia’s lies and to reinforce the point that he has a far superior intellect. Another devices or technique that you could say that Shakespeare uses to create and maintain the deception in this scene is that, whenever Ophelia answers Hamlet, she lacks detail and tries to avoid and abetting questions and pretend as if the questions were never asked.An example of this is when Hamlet asks â€Å"Ha, ha, Are you honest? Ophelia replies â€Å"My lord â€Å". Again Hamlet asks â€Å"Are you fair â€Å". And he receives this answer from Ophelia â€Å"What mean you lordship†. This is a clear example of her stalling or ‘beating around the bush’ as it were, to find time to come up with an answer that would bait her out as a spy and a liar. In every single Adaptation and dramatization of the play, the sense of fear and confusion in Ophelia’s voice is extremely apparent. In my opinion this fear she has originates from two possible scenarios.Firstly; she is exposed as a liar. Secondly; she fails to gain any conclusive information from Hamlet and this would lead to the probability her father and Claudius wouldn’t be too pleased with her seeing as they put far too much effort in to this operation and its likelihood of success. I can say this because Claudius and Polonius both went to the extent of eavesdropping on Ophelia so no detail was missed and also to eliminate the possibility that Ophelia would fabricate some elements of her conversation/confrontation with Hamlet to protect him.Corruption and betrayal are two themes that tie in with each other rather well. Corruption is far clearer and more apparent as it is carried throughout the whole play. It is present by the fact Claudius makes it his mission to destroy Hamlet, so he can keep the throne he longed for quite some time seeing as he killed his own brother to obtain it. The only way he can find out what Hamlet is thinking is by using Ophelia as a makeshift operative to extract the information they need. They do this as Ophelia is only person other than his mother he can fully trust.However betrayal is more complex. It is displayed in the so-called â€Å"Turning point† of the Nunnery scene, there are several possibilities for this depending on the type of adaptation the main ones are: when Hamlet asks â€Å"Where’s you Father† and also when a noise (A sound made by either Polonius or Claudius) is heard by Hamlet. In the Mel Gibson version of Hamlet there is no noise but a shadow seen by Hamlet, also in the contemporary Ethan Hawke Version when Hamlet approaches Ophelia for a hug he feels the wire planted on Ophelia to spy on him.However in the Kozintsev version this â€Å"Turning point† arrives much earlier it is not as climatic and chronic as the other adaptations. This discovery made by Hamlet in all its forms opens up the dormant suspicions and reservations of Ophelia thought up by Hamlet. The reason why his suspicions were dormant was that Hamlet generally is a very melancholy young man who has been prevented from attending university, his father dead and he knows who killed him and he’s now married to his mother as we all know. Hamlet always wears both black or unexciting dull colours like brown, grey and a very dark crimson in his clothing.The fact is, Ophelia is after all, his girlfriend and possibly a potential wife therefore she is a person of a great importance in his life. If Hamlet had let her in his life, he clearly would have never expect edto have been betrayed by her at all. Seeing as Hamlet is an extremely complex and possibly insane character so This causes his unstoppable rage which in itself is another theme in the Nunnery scene, which i s carried till the end where he storms out while he shouts that he know he is subject to espionage and he is being lied to. â€Å"God ath given you a face and you go and make yourself another†. He isn’t happy about it (evidently) and he threateningly tells Ophelia to go to a nunnery. â€Å"To a nunnery go! † Love and Passion in a sexual/relationship context, are two other themes that drive both Ophelia and Hamlet to do things, react or act a certain way in the Nunnery. The truth is that they are both in love but because of the complications in the environment in which they live and also the constant interference of their relationship by other people, such as Ophelia’s father Polonius. No my good lord, but I did as you command, I repel his letters and denied his access to meâ€Å". These are the instructions Polonius handed to Ophelia much before the Nunnery Scene in act 2 scene 1. Starting from â€Å"Turning point† Hamlet uses his love for Ophelia as a weapon against her several times. An example of this is when he says: â€Å"I loved you notâ€Å", â€Å"I did love you once† and â€Å"I say we have no mo marriages†.Hamlet does this because he has previously shown his inner character to Ophelia by trusting her and to show that he actually angry he must use a weapon that Ophelia can see through or expect and also a weapon that he has used against her before especially his love for her as she never doubted. The theme of passion however is portrayed in Hamlet’s anger, his reaction shows his disappointment in Ophelia, by shaking her and gripping her tightly and in some adaptations e. g. the Branagh and Lawrence Olivier version Hamlet physical strikes her.This is the one of the clearest indications of the intensity of the love they both shared and the loved they were denied. The set and the setting play a major part in intensifying the themes explained above throughout the Nunnery scene. The generic setting or basis of all the setting in the scene for all the adaptations is Elsinore Castle, the locations that are most commonly used are the court yard or a large hall. In the BBC version takes place in a very enclosed space, strangely this is one of the only version where visually it Hamlet shows absolutely no anger at all and show compassion rather to Ophelia and pities her.However in the other entire version I have seen the setting helps creates a hostile and fragile environment, where hamlet is able do use the acoustic to project his voice and also ironically to aid Claudius and Polonius to eavesdrop. In most versions the Openness as space in which the scene takes place creates a sense of exposure and insecurity for both characters especially for Ophelia as she is trapped both physically by Hamlet and mentally/emotionally by her Claudius and Polonius because she has to complete her ‘mission’ assigned to her. Another Technique used in the Nunnery scene is the dialogue and the conflict within it.These techniques are the main aspect of the theme of deception and betrayal; this is what carries these to themes through the scene and therefore the rest of the play. As mentioned the use of rhetorical questions and sarcasm especially in Hamlet’s tone. For example: â€Å"That is you be honest and fair your honesty should admit no discourse to your beauty† this is a clear example of Hamlet’s sarcasm and rhetorical question. The trigger for all this form of communication is the sudden addressing of Hamlet in a formal way when they never talk in that way.The conflict in the dialogue also helps to know Ophelia is lying. â€Å"My honoured lord, you know right well you did †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Take these again for the noble mind , rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind†. The combination of assonance and alliteration in Ophelia’s line fails to make her spontaneous and genuine it rather makes it sound rehearsed and fake. Also aft er Ophelia’s failed attempt to deceive hamlet in think he gave the remembrances. His response â€Å"Ha, ha are you honest? † shows his far superior intellect.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper Essay

When nursing began in the Florence Nightingale days, nurses learned their nursing practices from theories. There were two theorist names Dorothea Orem and Virginia Henderson that had their own perspective on nursing practices. This paper will discuss compare and analyze the concepts based of each of these ladies theories to show how they are related. These two ladies developed their own ideas on how nursing should be practiced. Henderson In 1955 Virginia Henderson wrote the 14 components of basic nursing care, this is known as the human need theory. The theory identified areas that the patient may lack in taking care of their selves when sick, and these are the 14 components of basic nursing care. The 14 components are: breathing good, good oral intake/good nutrition, normal functioning of bowel/bladder, sleep/rest, dressing/undressing, keeping normal body temperature, cleanness of patient promote good skin integrity, keep away from injuries/dangers, good communication of fears/emotions, meeting spiritual needs, working, playing/participating in games or recreations, and learning. The development of theory helped nurses know how to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate their patients (George, 2011). Orem Dorothea Orem wrote a theory called the self-care deficit theory, and this theory consist of three theories the self-care, self-care deficit, and the theory of nursing systems. In this theory she explain how person can take care of their selves, when a person needs help caring for their selves, and last is when person needs medical attention. The first theory is self-care, and this is when a person is able to maintain their well-being and health. This theory can differentiate depending on what stage of life your end such  as your age, developmental state, or where you live. Within the self-care theory is three self-care requisites. The requisites are universal self-care requisites, developmental self-care requisites, and health deviation self-care. Example universal of self-care requisites is common activities of daily living (ADL’s). Example of developmental self-care requisites is adjusting to new job or change with your body. The last example is of health deviation self-care, and this is when person able to take care of medical problem. The second theory is self-care deficit when person self-care demand out weights their self-care abilities, and nursing is needed. Orem list five ways of helping that nurses can use. The five ways are doing for others, guiding, meet their physical/emotional needs, providing supportive environment to assist person development, and teaching another. The last theory is the theory of nursing system. This theory is when the nurse provides care because the patient is unable to care for their self. Orem discusses three different types of nursing systems that will meet patient self-care requisite. The first system is wholly compensatory nursing system, and this system is when patient depends fully on the nurse to care for them. Example of this system is a patient who had a major stroke. The second system is the partly compensatory nursing system, and this system when patient can take care of some of their needs but still needs nursing care. Example of this system is patient who has pneumonia and can still feed their selves, but depends on nursing to provide IV antibiotic treatment. The last is the supportive-educative nursing system, and this is when patient is capable taking care of doing self-care, but needs support/education on medical conditions. Example of this when home health goes out to teach patient how to do wound care on their wound so they do not have to depend on nursing (â€Å"Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory†, 2012). Comparing the Concepts These theorist Orem and Henderson have a common concept on how a nurse should practice nursing. Theses theorist have established in their theories the role of nursing. They have differ approaches when it comes to the how nurses should practice their care. Henderson theory identifies 14 component of human needs that patient may not take care of when they are sick. Henderson theory is for nursing to assess the 14 component as a whole, andintervene   in the areas needed. In comparison Orem’s theory of self-care deficit identifies when patient lacks self-care abilities to take care of their self then it is responsibility of the nurse to meet the patients self-care demand. These two theorist differ in the aspect that Henderson focuses more on taking care of the patient in a more acute setting. Orem has more of a focus in her theory of nursing system on educating the patient on their health conditions or self-deficit so they can take care of their self (George, 2011). Orem’s Self-care Theory Implication on Nursing Practice Orem general theory is â€Å"Nursing has its special concern mans need for self-care and the provision and the maintenance of it on continuous basis in order to sustain life and health, recover from disease and injury, and cope with their effects, â€Å"(George, 2011). Nurse’s everyday are practicing the self-care theory of Orem in a variety of health care settings. When a nurse gets a new patient the first they do is identify their self-care deficits and self-care abilities. This allows nurses to focus on the patient’s self-care deficit, and start taking care of the patient needs. When the nurse identifies the self-care deficit then that allows them to start assessing the situation, create care plan for the patient, and start treating/teaching on the self-care deficits. Example is when a new patient is admitted to the hospital the nurse assesses the patient’s problem, starts taking care of the problem, identifies where teaching is needed, and creates care plan so patient will get better (â€Å"Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory†, 2012). Metaparadigm Orem’s metaparadigm consist of four factors: Human being, health, nursing, and environment. The factor is human she describes human as self-care, and self-care is practice of our activities of daily living that promotes life and well-being. The second factor is health, Orem describes health as being whole and sound physical, mentally, and socially for the person well-being. The third factor is nursing, she describes nursing as a needed service to meet the self-care of humans. The last factor is environment, and she describe the environment as anything around the human that can hinder their ability to perform their self-care († Dorothea Orem’s Views on Nursing Metaparadigm†, n.d.). Philosophy According to â€Å"Dorothea Elizabeth and her philosophy on self-care† (n.d.), â€Å"are patients wish to care for themselves.† Basically what Orem is saying if the nurse lets the patient take care of themselves to best of the their ability they will get over their sickness quicker. This relates to nursing today because the more we enable patients to learn and take care their health condition they will function more independently. Example of Orem philosophy in nursing is when patient is home health, and the nurse is simply there to teach them about congestive heart failure, and how to take care the disease we are enabling the patient to take care to themselves. Conceptual Model Orem’s conceptual model is related to her theory of self-care. The model defines her three theories of self-care, self-care deficit, and theory of nursing system. When the person self-care demand exceed their self-care abilities, then nursing is needed. Nurses can help patients meet their self-care needs by using the conceptual model. The conceptual model identifies how nurses can assist the patient under self-care deficit by using the 5 areas identified earlier in this paper. Under the theory of nursing the nurse should identify the patient learning needs, and address them so the patient is meeting his/her self-care needs in the end, and is healthy (â€Å"Orem’S Self-Care Model†, n.d.). Conclusion Orem and Henderson agenda for their theories is to establish nursing practice guidelines for nurses. They two theorist help define the role of nursing, and the profession. In the nursing world nurses practice these two theories in their everyday practices. Nurses have learned how to identify problems of patient when they arrive, and how to address them so they can get on the road to recovery. Nurses also learned how to identify a self-care deficit in patients so it can be addressed, then the nurse educates patient on self-care deficit where they can care for themselves. These two theories basically sum down to assessing, implementing, care planning, and educating the patients. References Dorthea Elizabeth and her Philosophy on self-care. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://n207grpfsuccessorsoforem.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory. (2012). Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory.html Dorthea Orem’s Views on Nursing Metaparadigm. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://oremstheory.webs.com/definedconcepts.htm George, J. B. (2011). Nursing Theories: The Base for Nursing Practice (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix ebook Collection database. Orem’s Self-Care Model. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.snjourney.com/ClinicalInfo/NgTheory/OremNotes.htm

Friday, September 27, 2019

Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Computers - Essay Example This essay is an evaluation of computer networks dedicated to laptop desktop connection. Data communication is the transfer of information from the sender to the receiver through a communication medium. The most common media for this process include cables, air/waves and satellite etc. Telephone communication starts with the sender initiating a connection by dialing the recipient’s number from his data transmission equipment (DTE) (Harte and Ofrane 2006). Once he does this, the call passes through either a public switched network (PSTN) or a private branch exchange (PBX) depending on the nature of the call. A PBX is a telephone switching exchange that is dedicated to controlling telephone communication within a company or an organization. It connects calls within the company by providing extensions to calls that originate from various offices instead of hiring lines for every department. It also connects calls to outside networks. A PSTN connects local and international calls, in a large network structure that is not restricted to a specific subscriber or organization (Harte and Ofrane 2006). Once the call is switched to his address, the receiver is alerted and to complete the connection, he has to switch on his DTE to start transmission. Telephone switching companies also offer internet connection services through their satellites which act as gateways to wide area networks. This connection involves transmission of digital signals through analog transmitting lines. For this to occur, modems are connected on both ends of the transmission for the purpose of modulating (converting digital signals into analog) the signals from the sending machine and demodulating (converting analog signals back into digital form) signals on the receiving machine (Hennesy 2006). This is because computers only understand digitized information which is in binary form i.e. 1s& 0s A

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Depth of hypnotic trance will differ depend on language use Literature review

Depth of hypnotic trance will differ depend on language use - Literature review Example justice system, but generally there is agreement that hypnosis is a valuable technique when carried out responsibly by professionally qualified practitioners. Most of the empirical research that has been carried out to date is concerned with hypnosis in a monolingual context. Both practitioner and client share a common language, the subject matter that arises in the hypnosis sessions is collected in that shared language, and evaluation is also conducted in that language. Theoretical research has taken account of international work which has been conducted in many separate mono-lingual contexts, but there is so far not very much comparative work on the differences which might exist in different linguistic contexts. There is one dominant framework for the measurement of hypnotic sensibility, and that is the Harvard Group Scale, (Shore and Orne, 1962) which was developed in the United States in the 1960s, based, of course, on hypnosis using the English language. Analysis of bi-lingual hypnosis situations, and evaluation of any variation of the effect of different languages on the hypnosis process is very rare. Hypnosis in the twenty first century has not changed very much since the time when the Harvard Group Scale was first proposed. What has changed is the amount of international contact due to forces like the end of the Cold War, the process of globalisation and the advent of new technologies like the internet and fast, affordable international travel. Both permanent and temporary migration of population groups appears to be on the increase, and this means that in all areas of life, including the field of psychology, people are being faced with new challenges. There is an increasing likelihood that professional contact will be made with people who may not share the same ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage. Diversity is increasingly being built in to business processes and services. In addition to these practical dimensions of globalisation, there are

Information Systems Basics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Systems Basics - Essay Example et of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.† (Stair and Reynolds, 2011). That is, using IS, organizations and its employees can store as well as analyze the organizational data for the key purpose of organizational functioning as well as critical management decisions. As mentioned above, as part of IS, various departments of the organization will use number of IT related products from computers, servers, internet, softwares and so on, to carry out the organizational tasks. â€Å"Today, information systems are used for business processes from communication to order processing to number crunching and in business functions ranging from marketing to human resources.† (Stair and Reynolds, 2011). Globalization is a phenomenon that has changed the world in various aspects, from cultural aspects to business aspects. Speaking of business aspects, globalization has broken down the invisible barriers between the countries and by â€Å"riding† on technology has and is still creating business opportunities for organizations. That is, due to globalization and the resultant immense opportunities, organizations are entering newer countries or markets in a more optimum manner. While entering and after entering, these organizations maximally utilize Information Systems (IS) for virtually managing the organization. (IS (information system or information services), n. d). From emails to video conferencing, cloud computing and so on, organizations are maximally utilizing IS. In addition, organizations depend on internet and web to carry out various processes. All these incorporation of IS into organizational functioning due to globalization and the resultant entry into newer markets has been transforming the traditional businesses into digital businesses. â€Å"Organizations are trying to become more competitive and efficient by digitally enabling their core business processes

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Film Project Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Project - Movie Review Example The movie shows the viewers the behind the scenes of a primary campaign. How even though a candidate may belong to a political party, that does not mean that the party will give him the money to run his campaign. It delves into the importance of fund raisers and how without it, a primary presidential campaign will cease to exist. More importantly, the movie shows how the evolution of the news media has changed the road to the White House as most candidates knew it to be. The media as used in the movie is portrayed as both the devil and the angel that politicians need to contend with. If run by the right kind of people, the media can become the tool towards a landslide election. Used improperly, the media can tank a campaign even before it starts. It also shines light on the little known aspect of the campaign, blackmail, and Jack Stanton, along with his team of media professionals, know exactly how to work the media in the name of a successful blackmail undertaking. However, it also shows that not all media professionals and image makers are cold blooded liars and not all of them can be bought or blackmailed. Analysis At the beginning of the film, we see Henry Burton, a political campaign specialist who is being drafted to join the presidential campaign of Gov. Jack Stanton. He resists all efforts to join the campaign at the start but is later on won over by the smoothness of the presidential aspirant. He first comes to the campaign headquarters and sees an inefficient machine that could be compared to a rudderless ship. Under his guidance though, he manages to whip them into shape and actually begin to mount a decent primary campaign. As I watched this portion of the film, I could not help but be reminded of our class lectures in â€Å"The Functions and Organizations of the American Party System†. This portion of the film specifically concentrated on the role of the political party and its machinery in the creation of the perfect candidate. The film act ually presents enough evidence to support its claims that money is always a problem in any campaign because, as we all know, fund raisers are the life line of any campaign and the wife of the candidate is usually tasked with gaining financial support for her politician husband. This is clearly presented at the beginning of the film when Gov. Stanton has to calm down his irate wife after he misses a very important fund raiser that was being hosted in his honor. Later on, we are introduced to the character of Libby Holden, image maker bar none. She is embodiment of everything we learned in â€Å"Interest Group Structure and Functions†. The minute she arrived at the campaign headquarters, she overturns the apple cart and connected the campaign activities and interests with various interest groups without whom interest and support of these groups for the candidate will not exist. We also see a glimpse of how these special interest groups can affect a campaign of a candidate ident ified with them. The latter part of the film presents heavy evidence of the way that the news media has spiraled out of control and is instead more interested in selling scandals about candidates rather than finding out the truth behind the story and presenting those facts instead. I believe that this part of the film falls under

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

John Stuart Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Stuart Mill - Essay Example John Stuart Mill was educated by his father, James Mill, who was cold and rigid. From then Mill understood the undergrounds of liberty and saw the mistakes from his father's rigid system of education: "Mill recognized , in later life, that his father's system had the fault of appealing to the intellect only and that the culture of his practical and emotional life had been neglected".(John Stuart Mill, Life and writings) John Stuart Mill, in his essay "On liberty", mentioned liberty and the relationships between freedom and state. The goal of state is to build a social system that respects and defends human rights and liberties. State can interfere against any individual, if he harms the other one's interests.1 This is the only case when Mill accepts the intervention of the state. There are cases when state rejects the individual's opinion .But that does not mean the point of view is wrong or false. Neither the belief of state, nor the individual' s opinion are totally false, they might contain a certain truth, so they must not be rejected. If this happens, the decision of the state becomes preconception and effects the man's liberty. Mill saw human being as an individual free to think, to speak , to feel. These rights are unquestionable on all the subjects: "()his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign" (qtd. John Stuart Mill' Essay on liberty, p.13) In thi In this relation, man-state, the latter can impose unlimited control, thing that cannot be acceptable. For Mill, education is primordial and it makes the differences between people , so the freedom of speech , of thinking is the most important. Mill speaks about the tyranny of the majority when the state wants to have the unlimited control, to entice the majority: ()There is a limit to the legitimate interference of collective opinion withindividual independence , and to find that limit, and maintain it againstencroachment, is as indispensable to a good condition of human affairs asprotection against political despotism.(qtd. John Stuart Mill's Essay on liberty) The tyranny of the majority often appears in bureaucratic countries. In the case of democratic countries the things go not so bad, because many individuals know and understand the importance of the liberty in all its aspects. Also, in the case of democratic countries and of developed ones, educated people are more and cannot be ruled by a man or a group. So, the danger of tyranny of majority is less. Liberty of speech , sustained by Mill, is indeed a very important right. In some periods the human being was restrained by people who wanted to had the supreme control(a kind of tyranny of the society). For example, the slavery, in the South of America, reserved man from various freedoms: the physical one, the conscience liberty, and maybe the most important one, the freedom of speech. The slaves were revolted mainly because they were treated like animals, they hadn't the right to write, to read or to express their feelings and desires. We can extend here, seeing in these liberties the differences

Monday, September 23, 2019

Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse - Essay Example The novel can be interpreted from a Buddhist stand point- Siddharta is in pursuit of his innermost essence (Atman); it is made possible only when he denounces his ego, his own selfish identity (Self). When he has got rid of his selfish ego and is moved by universal love, he experiences eternal bliss, happiness and peace (Nirvana). The major theme of the novel is enlightenment. From the start of Siddharta’s journey he seeks salvation. He joints the Samanas (People who live a life of piety, self- denial, free of possessions and desires), visits Buddha, embraces his earthly desires, and finally communes with nature, all in an attempt to obtain Nirvana. His search for his inner life comes to an end finally; he comes to a complete self –realization. In the end, he grasps the wholeness of life, experiencing the sense of fulfillment and wisdom, which come with it. In short the novel is a classical work dealing with the meaning of life. Self-realization is the key word behind siddartha’s enlightenment and his whole life was a pursuit to listen to the voice within him and respond to it positively. As a child when he was living with his father he knew how to recognize the Atman within the depth of his being, undestructable, at one with the universe. Everybody gave him knowledge but he felt that the vessel was incomplete as his heart was not still, as his soul was not at peace. His knowledge couldn’t locate the self, the innermost. He wanted to press towards the Self, towards Atman, but nobody showed the way, nobody knew it- neither his father, nor the teachers and wise men nor the holy songs. His determination to seek Atman was so strong that he remarks: â€Å"One must find the source within one’s own self, one must possess it. Every thing else was seeking- a detour, error† (Siddharta, Page No.6). Unable to find an answer to his quest, Siddharta joins the

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Relativistic Theory of Ethics Essay Example for Free

Relativistic Theory of Ethics Essay One relativistic theory of ethics is situationism. Situationism (also known as situation ethics) was devised by Joseph Fletcher, who was strongly against absolutist theories for instance; legalism and also disliked how religions were taught implying there were some rules that could never be broken, as he thought these rules are too demanding and restrictive. He then created this theory of situation ethics which is seen as the ‘mid way’ because it lies between antinomianism and legalism. Antinomianism is very anti law whilst legalism emphasises the important of law. However, situationism lies between the two as Fletcher was very enthused by making a decision on individual situations. Situation ethics maintains that it’s the consequences of actions which determine whether an action is right or wrong, so it is very much a consequentialist position. Situationists enter each decision making situation with ethical maxims of their community and culture, each they treat with respect. Fletcher proposed that not only the situation guides an individual on what they should do but also the principle of agape (love). In Fletcher’s book he suggests that Christians should make the right choices without blindly following rules but rather by thinking for themselves. Decisions should be made on the sole basis of one rule – agape. Such love involves doing the best thing possible for the other party involved. So maxims could be ignored if they don’t serve agape, for example if a priest is presented by a young lady who is having underage promiscuous sex, the right thing to do would be to insist the young lady uses contraception. This is because the most loving thing to do for the other person is to ensure she is safe. For the situationist the rule of agape is always right. Fletcher created 4 working principles which outlined how situation ethics works. The first one is pragmatism, which states that what you propose must work in practice. Second is relativism, so Fletcher eliminates words like ‘always’, ‘never’, and ‘absolute’. He states there are no objective rules but all decisions must be relative to agape. Thirdly is positivism, which states a value judgement needs to be made, giving the first place to love. Finally – personalism, people are put in first place; morality is personal and not centred on laws, this emphasises the idea that morality is relative to situations. Fletcher put forward 6 propositions which also aid the theory. The first proposition is â€Å"only one thing is intrinsically good; namely love; nothing else at all† Thus, only love is good in itself; action aren’t intrinsically good or evil. Instead they are good or evil dependent on whether they promote the most loving result. Fletcher rejects any statements like â€Å"Adultery is wrong† as the circumstances are always different, and sometimes it may be right for adultery to take place. The second proposition is â€Å"the ruling norm of Christian decision is love, nothing else† Fletcher claims Jesus replaced the Torah with love, also the Ten Commandments are not absolute even Jesus broke them when love demanded it. Love replaces law. The third proposition is that justice will follow from love, because ‘justice is love distributed’. If love is put into practice it can only result in justice. Fourth is that love has no favourites and does not give whom we like preferential treatment. â€Å"Love wills the neighbour’s whether we like him or not† The fifth fundamental principle, love must be the final end, not a means to an end. For Fletcher, the end must be the most loving result. Finally the sixth proposition is that the most loving thing to do will depend on the situation and since situations differ, you can’t say an action will be right in every situation. Fletcher, the good result is that which serves agape love best. Any action that leads to that end is right.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Culture Diversity In Pakistan Cultural Studies Essay

Culture Diversity In Pakistan Cultural Studies Essay Pakistan is a country of over 165 million people with diverse social, ethnic, linguistic and cultural circumstances. The country came into existence after division of British Indian colony in 1947 on the basis of Islamic identity of people living in this region but different social and ethnic groups have maintained their distinct character. Mostly language is the basis of ethnicity in Pakistan. Punjabi is the predominant ethnic class which consists of 48% of Pakistans population. Sindhis form about 12%, Siriki (a variant of Punjabi) forms 10%, Urdu speaking (Urdu speaking population usually refers itself as Mohajirs as they migrated from India in 1947) 8%, Balochis 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1% and others 8%. 95% of Pakistans population is Muslim (75% Sunni Muslims and 20% Shia Muslims). Amongst the remaining 5% Christians are the biggest religious minority who are around 3% of the total population. Other religious groups include Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis. Pakistan is predominantly a rural society where over 65.5% of population lives in the rural areas. Agriculture is the main employer of the labour force which employs over 43% of the work force. The culture and social norms of Pakistan are defined by the agrarian nature of society. The relations between men and women are dominated by the demands of agricultural sector and practices. Women in rural areas are economically more active as compared to their urban counterparts. 16.5% rural women are economically active as compared to 7.3% of the urban womenfolk. Women almost entirely manage the dairy and livestock sector in the rural areas of Pakistan. In rural Punjab the relations between men and women are more open as women play an important role in farming and without their help the farm productivity will drop significantly. Women go out of their homes to work as cotton pickers, fruit harvesters, and livestock farmers. Since men need womens help in agriculture sector therefore they have a greater liberty of movement. The relations between men and women are undergoing a change in rural Punjab after the return of migrant workers from Middle East who now insist on enforcing strict Wahabi edicts on sex segregation. This change is fuelling extremism as the economic hardships are increasing due to decrease in household incomes. Rural to urban migration, necessitated by growing poverty, has given rise to a number of female headed households which is a new phenomenon in rural areas of Punjab because traditionally women have always been treated as inferior to men and not involved in decision making. Muslims of Punjab are either converts from Hinduism or descendants of migrants from Central Asia who have lived with Hindus for centuries therefore the Hindu edict that guest is incarnation of god has a wide acceptability. Guest is treated with honour, respect and delight. Even strangers are offered food and shelter in times of need to please god with expectation that god will rewards with good harvest. Giving long term protection / shelter is generally not a part of culture in Punjab. Customs relating to marriage, death and festivals are heavily influences by Hindu traditions. A typical marriage, mourning or festival in Punjab is very similar to the corresponding Hindu occasion less the religious component, e.g. though a marriage ceremony has the same components but a Muslim marriage will have the Nikkah ceremony whereas Hindu marriage will have vows beside fire. ` Punjab has a culture of tolerance and friendship which is manifest by its sufi saints and poetry with message of universal love towards mankind irrespective of cast, religion and colour. The leading Punjabi sufi poets, such as Sultan Bahoo, Bulley Shah, Waris Shah and Mian Muhammad are all against the strict religious interpretation of Islam as propagated by Mullah. Punjab has historically been confronted with foreign invasions from North (Afghanistan and Central Asia) therefore they are quite open to foreigners and are very progressive in their cultural and social values. Urban Punjab is not much different from rural areas as most of the city dwellers are migrants from villages. Sindhis are the second biggest ethnic group in Pakistan after Punjabis. In terms of proximity to Hinduism they are even closer than Punjabis. A large number of Pakistani Hindus live in Sind province. Sindi culture is quite similar to Punjabis where they have great respect towards fellow human beings. Sindh also is the land of great mystics such as Sachal Sarmast, Shah Abdul Latheef Bhitai and Lal Shahbaz Qalandar. The predominant profession of rural Sindhi population is agriculture. However in contrast to Punjab Sindh has a large number of big landlords who own most of the cultivable land. Majority of people work as landless peasants on lands owned by big landlords. This has given rise to abuse of human rights at the hands of landlords and a culture of oppression of weaker segments of society. Women in Sindh work in the fields and tender animals like their Punjabi counterparts but are subject to more control by men. They are an object of male and tribal honour. Marriage by choice is still not an option for women whose nuptial affairs are settled by male members of the family. Honour killing, where women are killed for illicit relations with men, is often resorted to restore family and tribal honour. Sindhis are not as open to foreigners as Punjabis mainly due to limited interactions with foreign cultures. Despite being on the coastline of Arabian Sea, Sind has been invaded only once from the sea. (Arabs led by Muhammad Bin Qasim attacked Sindh in 712 AD). Modern day Sindh has strong undercurrents of movement of emancipation from the clutches of landlords. The occasional violence seen in Sindh is against the existing distribution of resources. Sindh is safe from the ongoing wave of extremism in Pakistan mainly due to liberal religious views of majority population. The tolerance and harmony that Muslims and Non Muslims enjoy in Sind is not seen elsewhere in Pakistan. Major Urban centres in Sind are dominated by the Urdu speaking migrants from India. These are the people who migrated from areas presently in India at the time of partition in 1947. They were the most advanced segment of Pakistani society at the time. They made Karachi (the capital of Pakistan before it was shifted to Islamabad) as their new home. Due to their acumen in trade and business Karachi became the financial capital of Pakistan. Mohajirs are the most liberal community in Pakistan. Their women folk are the most liberated women in Pakistan. They work in offices, hold executive positions in businesses and banks. Mohajir women are in front ranks of all walks of life including politics, senior management and community service. Mohajirs are represented by their own political party (MQM Mohajir Qaumi Movement) which is a middle class based political party and has introduced new middle class leadership in Pakistan. Urdu that is the language of Mohajirs is the national language of Pakistan. The word Urdu literally means the camp language because it was developed in the military camps of Mughal kings of India. Urdu has long been associated with Muslims of India. Despite being the language of a small minority it was declared the National language of Pakistan. This decision caused the first language riots in Pakistan in 1948 in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Despite this Urdu remains the National Language of Pakistan and is spoken in most households who are aspiring upward social mobility. Mohajirs consider themselves culturally articulate and have business relations across the world. They are open, frank and friendly towards foreigners. Their social occasions such as marriages and deaths etc are similar to the practices followed elsewhere in Pakistan but are less ostentatious in showing their wealth. The most significant thing that a new visitor to Mohajir area will note is their habit of chewing beetle leaves. Beetle leaves are seasoned with chemicals, colour and spices to chew. The red residue is then spitted in open areas and often walls and streets of Karachi are red with this waste. Pushtuns living in the Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North Western Frontier Province) province trace their roots to Afghanistan. The Pushtuns are bound by their tribal code known as the Pushtun Wali (literally meaning the Pushtun way of life). Pushtun Wali has nine major components i.e. courage, taking revenge, giving shelter, generosity to defeated, self respect, justice, hospitality, tolerance and loyalty. The capital of Pushtuns of Pakistan, Peshawar is the melting pot of many cultures and civilizations. Peshawar is a city that represents Indian, Afghan, Central Asian and British civilizations at the same time. Pushtuns have produced great poets and mystics like Rahman Baba, Khushaal Khan Khattak and Pir Baba, who have all propagated the message of eternal love and adherence to Pushtun ways of life. Pushtuns are most affected by the rise of extremism in recent years. Peshawar is the centre of global war on terrorism. Thousands of Pushtuns have lost their lives in the war on either side of the extremist divide. Pushtun women observe the most extreme form of sex segregation. Women are often not allowed in public life and those who move outside their homes are covered from head to toe. Women have limited role in agricultural activities. Their role is limited to work inside their homes. However the export of labour to Middle Eastern countries in the 70s compelled men to move out of their villages and many functions previously performed exclusively by men are now being performed by women. Pushtun women become more influential and independent as they grow older. Pushtun way of dispute resolution is through a consultative process known as Jirga. Influential people of the community sit in this jirga and decide on the disputes. Often people with wealth, education and experience are all represented in a jirga. One can qualify to sit in jirga either by virtue of age, wealth or education hence this aspect of Pushtun life is quite democratic. Baluchs live in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan. They have a nomadic culture as barring a few places Baluchistan is a barren area. Water is scarce and the only means of sustenance is sheep and camel raring. Women and men work alike with herds of sheep and goat. The area of Baluchs is scarcely populated and they live in small settlements in primitive conditions. The Baluchs, like Pushtuns are proud people who guard their independence jealously. They fought valiantly against the expansion of British Empire however the British ruled Baluchistan through a series of treaties with local rulers. Baluchs also resolve their disputes through the jirga mechanism but the Baluch jirga is less representative in its constitution as mostly people sit on these jirgas as representatives of their families. The Baluch society is essentially tribal in nature and every tribe is headed by a Chief. The position of chiefs is hereditary. The tribal chief or Sardar as he is known has control over the resources of his tribe. Women are economically active but their contribution is not recognized. They do not participate in decision making at the household level. Family and tribal honour is associated with women and any woman who violates the tribal code is punished with death. Seraiki speaking people are scattered on the border areas of Punjab, Sindh and Kyber Pukhtoonkwa provinces. They have a tradition of Sufism and are liberal in their social life. These areas are resource rich but most of the land is owned by big landlords in these areas. The southern parts of Punjab that are inhabited by the Seraiki people, produces Pakistans best mangoes and cotton but the life of ordinary person is difficult. Due to economic hardships that ordinary people face, the women are economically active and contribute to the household incomes through their work as farm labour and cattle farmers. However like other areas of Pakistan their contribution is hardly acknowledged and they do not have a place in decision making at the household level.